Here some numbers that indicate how unreserved passengers subsidise the first class AC passengers, which include lots of freeloaders

Veeresh Malik 

Getting a railway ticket is a tough job unless you pay a premium and go through the touts. Most people who try the Tatkal route don’t get it. But often, I have discovered when travelling, that there were ample spare berths and seats available on the train itself, usually for a price. Can this be fixed? What is the real picture out there? Here are some numbers I have gathered after extensive observations, discussions and analysis.

•    The total number of paying railway passengers is around 17-18 millionper day on an average for FY 11-12. And rising. There are no estimates available on non-paying passengers. The average rises during the peak seasons.
•    This number does not include passengers on the Delhi Metro (about 2 million per day) and certain other non-Indian Railways sectors, and there is a grey area on how passenger headcount and revenues are shared and accounted for on other Metro services and the Konkan Railway.
•    Out of the paying passengers, by numbers, approximately 6% travel on reserved tickets. Approximately 52% of the paying passengers travel as commuters. The balance about 42% travel on unreserved tickets on longer than commuter journeys.
•    The number of passengers travelling free, either ticketless or on a variety of ‘entitlements’ —this is a grey area. These are also not accounted for.
•    The total earnings from passenger ticketing for the FY11-12 is estimated to be around Rs28,000-Rs32,000 crore. There is a huge grey area on break-ups here, by class of travel. In addition, a solid Rs750 crore or so is earned simply from cancellation charges. 
•    Just as it is true that earnings from freight subsidise passenger fares, it is also true that the lower class and unreserved class passengers subsidise the upper class fares.

Take a comparative of the potential revenue for the Indian Railways on a sample sector, Delhi-Bengaluru, on a typical superfast train, the Karnataka Express. Fares rounded off to the nearest rupee and passenger capacity varies as per configuration.
•    Unreserved 2nd Class—about 200 passengers at Rs550 each = Rs1,10,000
•    Reserved Sleeper—about 90 passengers at Rs600 each = Rs54,000 (plus day sitting plus Tatkal and taking into account part-journey passengers)
•    AC 3Tier—about 80 passengers at Rs1,480 each = Rs1,18,400 (plus Tatkal)
•    AC 2Tier—about 46 passengers at Rs2,400 each = Rs1,10,400 (plus Tatkal)
•    1AC—about 18 passengers at Rs4,170 each = Rs75,060

Please do the math. A typical configuration of a long distance train is 1 x 1AC, 2 or 3x 2AC, 3 or 4 x 3AC and up to 10-12 2nd Sleeper with 2-4 general coaches and a couple of high speed parcel vans. The railways have always known that a full 2nd class sleeper or 3AC Garib Rath configuration train makes far money for them than do these mixed trains, and that 1AC, especially, is a drain on railway resources.

Notes:

a) Additional income from Tatkal charges are levied only on Reserved Sleeper, AC3T, AC2T and not levied on 1AC and unreserved 2nd Class.
b) Additional income from RAC and day passengers is earned only on Sleeper Class.
c) Additional income from RAC is earned only on Sleeper, AC3T and AC2T.
d) HOR and VIP passengers in 1AC are often entitled to non-revenue blocking off of the upper berth and therefore loss of revenue from the upper berth.
e) Passengers in unreserved and Sleeper classes have additional expenses by way of extortion from a variety of people, official and unofficial, which may or may not accrue to Indian Railways.
f) Some overflow from Unreserved General will find its way into the Sleeper Class, so that is undeclared revenue to the Indian Railways.
g) To provide support services to 1AC, the train will need to provide for an EOG (End on Generator coach) which could have been a revenue earning2nd Class or Sleeper coach.
h) The pantry car, which could have been a hot-buffet re-serving coach, now has to provide facilities for fresh cooking of food for the 1AC pax)

It is not as though the officials and others in the Indian Railways do not know about this anomaly—that the 1AC passenger is directly subsidised by the unreserved passengers. 

One solution was the introduction of the Garib Raths–fully air-conditioned trains with high density AC 3T and AC Chair Car configurations, operating at Rajdhani Express speeds and at fares placed lower than AC-3T, but still within reach of those travelling by Sleeper Class. There was a great demand that some of these “Garib Raths” be converted into point-to-point services, like no-frill airlines.

But these gave way to the more expensive and lower profit ‘Durontos’—where, once again, the infamous 1AC continues to be subsidised by the other passengers.

In addition, and here is another simple truth, a large number of berths in 1AC end up going most or all of the way on non-revenue basis. Or are simply kept vacant, unutilised—which the chairman and members of the Railway Board want to stand and apologise profusely in front of a Parliamentary Committee if a Member of Parliament (MP) does not get a 1AC berth?

Take a look at this report and see what happened to the chairman of the Railway Board when one MP was denied a 1AC berth; would any railway official henceforth take a chance?

http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Priv/3.html

Nothing makes me feel better than going through yet another railway experience, especially in India. At the same time, it would not be correct to ignore and remain blind to its short-comings and the blatant scams across all segments that appear to be growing by leaps and bounds on our tracks.

This, then, is the first of a series of articles on the subject. Comments, suggestions and queries invited. In the run-up to this series, the resources used included open and restricted railway documents, CAGreports, other government reports, first hand information from railway personnel existing and retired, responses to RTI applications  and personal observations as well as experience going back decades. 

In the next article, I will take you through the numbers for the over Rs10,000 crore per annum ticketing scam. The street estimate of revenue earned on passenger tickets by touts, black marketeers, counterfeittickets, reservation scams and similar is envisaged to be around Rs40-Rs50 crore per day on an all India basis during the holiday and peak seasons. Taking an annualised average of shade below Rs30 crore per day, this comes to about Rs10,500 crore per annum. 

(Veeresh Malik had a long career in the Merchant Navy, which he left in 1983. He has qualifications in ship-broking and chartering, loves to travel, and has been in print and electronic media for over two decades. After starting and selling a couple of companies, is now back to his first love-writing.)